The computerized generation of straight bevel gears with spherical involute profiles is developed and the advantages of its application investigated. Possible microgeometry modifications of the gear tooth surfaces are proposed to provide stable contact patterns when errors of alignment occur.

Straight-tooth bevel gears are the simplest type of bevel gears that can be used for power transmission between intersecting shafts. They are commonly referred to as straight bevel gears, for brevity. Shafts for power transmission with straight bevel gears are usually mounted at a shaft angle of 90 degrees but can be designed to work at a wide range of shaft angles. They operate with efficiency around 98 percent or even better. They are widely applied in low-speed applications or static loading conditions [1]. The most traditional application of straight bevel gears is in differential drives in which the speed is low and the load type is mainly static.

Straight bevel gears are conical. Their teeth are tapered in both tooth thickness and tooth height [2]. In one end, the tooth height is large, while in the other end, it is small. These gears impose both radial and thrust loads on their bearings.

The great pioneer in the bevel gear field was William Gleason, founder of The Gleason Works in 1865. In 1874, William Gleason invented the first bevel gear planer. That development was the first piece of technology that allowed the bevel gear industry to be created and opened vast new possibilities for the transmission of motive power. However, the first machines to cut straight bevel gears were difficult to set up and time-consuming while cutting gears [3]. Revacycle and Coniflex cutting methods were developed to improve the efficiency of manufacturing straight bevel gears.

Still, in many of today’s applications of straight bevel gears, forging or molding manufacturers of bevel gears imitate cut surfaces of Coniflex and Revacycle gears, which is mainly a legacy of the time when forging manufacturers were trying to duplicate cut gears to prove that these gears can also be near-net forged or plastic molded [1]. However, there is no limitation on the geometry that those methods can use as objective geometries. These methods can use potentially any geometry for the gear tooth surfaces because molds are manufactured point by point. This fact opens new possibilities to look for new theoretical geometries for bevel gears.

The involute profile is the most commonly used tooth profile for cylindrical gears. However, for bevel gears, there is no standard reference profile. In this work, the spherical involute profile, considered the counterpart profile of the involute for bevel gears, will be derived and applied for straight-tooth bevel gears. The computerized generation of straight bevel gears with spherical involute profiles will be developed and the advantages of its application investigated. Spherical involute profiles might be applied for bevel gears manufactured by forging, molding, or 3D printing. The spherical involute profile is expected to give the best conditions of meshing and contact for straight bevel gears. Possible microgeometry modifications of the gear tooth surfaces also will be investigated in order to provide stable contact patterns when errors of alignment occur.

The Spherical Involute Profile

The parametric equations defining the spherical involute profile can be obtained by using two approaches: One is based on spherical trigonometry and will be referred to as the direct definition method. The other method is based on coordinate transformation and will be referred to as the indirect definition of the spherical involute profile.

Direct Definition

The direct definition of the spherical involute is based on spherical trigonometry and follows the derivations proposed by Al-Daccak et al. [4] and Kolivand et al. [1]. Other works of reference are [5] and [6]. In [5], a practical application of the spherical involute surface to forged straight bevel gears is provided. In [6], the geometrical characteristics and kinematic behavior of spherical involute gears are explained.

Figure 1: Basic definition of the planar involute profile

The planar involute of a circle is defined as the curve traced by a point P on a taut chord that unwraps from a circle, constituting the base circle of the involute. Figure 1 shows the basic definition of the involute curve and its related design parameters. Point P in Figure 1 is a point of an involute curve traced while it unwraps from base circle of radius rb. From Figure 1:

EQ-01.jpg Equation 1

so that:

42403.jpg Equation 2

Equation 2 is the fundamental equation for the planar involute curve. Angle θ is known as the involute polar angle. Angle ε in Figure 1 is the involute roll angle, which is the angle whose arc on the base circle of radius unity equals the tangent of angle φ at a selected point on the involute. For the planar involute, angle φ equals the pressure angle when point P lies on the pitch circle.

Figure 2: Schematic representation of the spherical involute

The spherical involute is the 3D counterpart of the planar involute of a circle. Similar to the definition of the planar involute, the spherical involute is defined as a 3D curve traced by a point P on a taut chord unwrapping from base circle of radius rb that lies on sphere S with origin at Os and radius r0 (see Figure 2). Point P in Figure 2 is a point of an involute curve traced while it unwraps from base circle of radius rb, obtained as the intersection between the base cone and the sphere of radius r0. The spherical involute is traced on the surface of the sphere S while point P unwraps over it from the base circle. Therefore, the arc length of the great circle is equal to the arc length of base circle, which is , and according to this:

42403.jpg Equation 3

Here, similar to the definitions for the planar involute curve, angle θ is the involute polar angle, and angle ε = (φ + θ) is the involute roll angle. Simplifying Equation 3:

42403.jpg Equation 4

Considering again in Equation 4 that ε = (φ + θ), and solving for θ, we obtain:

42403.jpg Equation 5

that can be considered as the function of the spherical involute. The following derivations will allow us to get angle φ as a function of angles γb and φ.

According to the principles of spherical trigonometry, arcs are represented by their angles [7]. Therefore, arcs , , and  can be represented by their angles φ, γb, and γ, respectively. By applying the law of cosines to the right spherical triangle OMP [7], the following relations can be derived:

42403.jpg Equation 6

42403.jpg Equation 7

Similarly, by applying the spherical law of sine to the right angle spherical triangle OMP [7], additional relations can be obtained:

42403.jpg Equation 8

that yields the following equation for sin γ,

42403.jpg Equation 9

Substituting for cos γ and sin γ in Equation 7, according to Equations 6 and 9, we obtain:

42403.jpg Equation 10

Upon rearranging Equation 10 and collecting terms, we obtain the following equation for angle φ as a function of angles γb and φ, namely:

42403.jpg Equation 11

Using Equation 4 into Equation 11, we obtain:

42403.jpg Equation 12

which can be considered the basic equation defining the spherical involute. If we substitute back ε = (φ + θ) and rearrange terms, we have:

42403.jpg Equation 13

Equation 13, similarly to Equation 5, represents the spherical involute function, relating the polar angle θ with the azimuthal angle φ of point P by means of the base cone angle γb. This equation shows similarity with Equation 2, which defines the planar involute function.

In order to get the curve traced by point P on the reference sphere, the coordinates of point P are needed. The coordinates of point P in coordinate system S1 (x1, y1, z1) can be derived as a function of angle γ (see Figure 2). Taking the tangent of both terms of Equation 4, we have:

42403.jpg Equation 14

The tangent of φ can be obtained by using the values of sin φ and cos φ from Equations 9 and 6, namely:

42403.jpg Equation 15

42403.jpg Equation 16

so that:

42403.jpg Equation 17

Equalizing Equations 14 and 17, the following equation can be obtained:

42403.jpg Equation 18

Position vector of point P in coordinate system S1 (x1, y1, z1) (Figure 2) is given by:

42403.jpg Equation 19

The whole spherical involute profile can be drawn in coordinate system So (xo, yo, zo) by rotating coordinate system S1 (x1, y1, z1), around axis z1 in clockwise direction an angle θ (Figure 2), so that:

42403.jpg Equation 20

Equation 20 will represent the right side profile of the straight bevel gear tooth surface. The left side profile of the straight bevel gear tooth surface can be obtained by rotating coordinate system S1 (x1, y1, z1), around axis z1 in counterclockwise direction an angle θ, namely:

42403.jpg Equation 21

Indirect Definition

The indirect method is based on coordinate transformation and follows the works by Figliolini et al. [8] and Lee et al. [9]. By comparing the direct and indirect approaches, a good insight view of both approaches is obtained.

Figure 3: Schematic representation of the generation of the spherical involute profile using the coordinate transformation method

Figure 3 shows the schematic representation of the generation of the spherical involute profile using the coordinate transformation method. A spherical involute curve can be traced by a point P of the great circle C of the fundamental sphere S during the pure-rolling motion of its disk plane Π on the base cone of the bevel gear (Figure 3). By using coordinate transformation from coordinate system So (xo, yo, zo), in which the point P is defined, to coordinate system S3 (x3, y3, z3) which axis y3 is aligned with , where point Q represents the origin of the involute, lying on the base circle, the spherical involute profile can be obtained.

Point P is defined in coordinate system So (xo, yo, zo), which axis zo passes through point P, as follows:

42403.jpg Equation 22

where:

r0 is the radius of the sphere in which the spherical involute profile is going to be traced.

The coordinate transformation matrices from coordinate system So (xo, yo, zo) to coordinate system S3 (x3, y3, z3) are written in the following:

42403.jpg Equation 23

Notation “RotationCW(y0,φ)” means that the transformation matrix corresponds to a rotation of the coordinate system in clockwise direction (CW) around axis y0 an angle φ. Similarly:

42403.jpg Equation 24

42403.jpg Equation 25

42403.jpg Equation 26

By applying the fundamental equation for pure rolling of disk plane Π on the base cone, given by Equation 4, and written here again for clarity:

42403.jpg Equation 27

together with Equation 26, a point P on the involute will be perfectly defined in coordinate system S3 (x3, y3, z3) for any given angle ε. We recall that γb is the cone base angle that will be obtained directly from the initial design data. Equation 26 gives the coordinates of the right side of the spherical involute profile of the gear tooth surfaces at the sphere of radius r0. To obtain the left side profile, Equations 23 to 25 should be modified accordingly.

Determination of the Normal Vector

One advantage of the indirect method of determination of the spherical involute is that the normal and tangent vectors to the tooth profile can be derived easily. Determination of the normal to the gear tooth surfaces will be needed to perform tooth contact analysis. Figure 3 shows the unit normal and unit tangent vectors in coordinate system S0. The unit normal in coordinate system S0 is given by:

42403.jpg Equation 28

and the unit tangent vector to the spherical involute profile at point P:

42403.jpg Equation 29

Normal and tangent vectors to the spherical involute profile in coordinate system S3 (x3, y3, z3) are obtained by:

42403.jpg Equation 30

42403.jpg Equation 31

We recall that angles ε and φ are related by Equation 27, representing the condition of pure rolling of disk plane Π on the base cone. Matrices Lij are 3×3 submatrices of the corresponding matrix Mij, obtained by eliminating the last row and the last column. This results from the fact that the vector components (projections on coordinate axes) do not depend on the location of the origin of the coordinate system [10].

Definition of the Spherical Bevel Gear Tooth Surfaces

Gear Tooth Thickness

The tooth thickness tp for the to-be-generated bevel gear is considered as given. The standard tooth thickness is obtained by considering half of the angular pitch, namely:

42403.jpg Equation 32

where:

N is the number of teeth of the gear.

Figure 4: Toward determination of the bevel gear tooth thickness

The required backlash is considered modifying tp accordingly. Figure 4 shows the additional coordinate transformation to obtain the involute profile in a coordinate system aligned with the center line of the gear tooth.

The transformation for the right side of the tooth profile is:

42403.jpg Equation 33

where:

ξp is equal to (tp/2)+θp as shown in Figure 4.

Angle θp is the polar angle when point P lies on the pitch cone. Similarly, for the left side, the coordinate transformation will be:

42403.jpg Equation 34

Determination of the Polar Angle at the Pitch Cone

The polar angle at the pitch cone, θ`p, can be determined by Equation 13, which expresses the polar angle θ as a function of angles γb and φ. For the planar involute profile, the azimuthal angle φ is equal to the pressure angle when P lies on the pitch cylinder. However, that statement cannot be extrapolated to the case of spherical gear when point P lies on the pitch cone. According to previous derivations (see Equation 11):

42403.jpg Equation 35

Also, according to previous derivations (see Equation 17):

42403.jpg Equation 36

where γ = γp and φ = φp when P lies on the pitch cone. Equalizing the previous two equations:

42403.jpg Equation 37

42403.jpg Equation 38

42403.jpg Equation 39

42403.jpg Equation 40

Equation 40 allows the azimuthal angle φp for point P lying on the pitch cone to be determined as a function of the base cone angle γb and the pitch angle γp. Once the azimuthal φp is known, the polar angle at the pitch cone can be obtained by using Equation 13, written here again for clarity, wherein φ = φp.

42403.jpg Equation 41

Figure 5: Toward determination of base cone angles

Determination of the Base Cone Angle

Figure 5 shows the pinion and the wheel of a spherical gear set in contact at point P0 located at the pitch cone. Subindex 1 refers to the pinion, and subindex 2 refers to the wheel. However, the relations derived here are valid for pinion and wheel, and the corresponding subindexes will not be included. Applying the spherical law of sine to the right angle spherical triangle O1MP0 [7], the following relations can be obtained:

42403.jpg Equation 42

Considering that sin(90°− α) = cos α and sin 90° = 1:

42403.jpg Equation 43

where α is the pressure angle.

Figure 6: Gear tooth surface generated from the spherical involute profile at the outer reference sphere

The Spherical Involute Bevel Gear Tooth Surfaces

Figure 6 shows the gear tooth surface generated from the spherical involute profile traced on the outer reference sphere. Points on the spherical involute profile are projected toward the center of the sphere, and in this way, the gear tooth surfaces are generated.

The left side gear tooth surface, according to Equation 21, is given in terms of γ and θ as:

42403.jpg Equation 44

where:

ρ is the radius of the sphere in which the point lies

γ is the zenith angle that can be determined by Equation 18

Radius ρ will vary between the inner pitch cone distance Ai and the outer pitch cone distance A0. The outer pitch cone distance is obtained from the pitch radius and pitch angle as:

42403.jpg Equation 45

where:

m is the module

N is the number of teeth

γp is the pitch angle of the gear

The inner cone distance Ai is obtained as:

42403.jpg Equation 46

where: Fw is the face width of the bevel gear, usually equal approximately to one-third of the outer pitch cone distance A0.

Face and Root Cone Angles

For spherical involute straight bevel gears, the addendum and dedendum coefficients will be used for determination of the face and root cone angles. The addendum coefficient is denoted here as ka and the dedendum coefficient as kd. Those coefficients will determine the addendum and dedendum heights at the outer section of the gear tooth surface by multiplying those values by the module of the gear.

Figure 7: Toward determination of the addendum and dedendum angles

According to Figure 7, the face cone angle γf of the spherical involute bevel gear will be determined by:

42403.jpg Equation 47

Similarly, the root cone angle γr is given by:

42403.jpg Equation 48

where:

N is the number of teeth of the gear

γp is the pitch angle

ka is the addendum coefficient, usually equal to 1

kd is the dedendum coefficient, usually equal to 1.25

Modified Geometry for Localization of Contact

As mentioned before, the indirect definition of the spherical involute profile allows the gear tooth surfaces, their normal, and derivatives to be determined. Based on the indirect definition of the spherical involute profile, microgeometry modifications can be applied to the gear tooth surfaces for localization of contact and predesign of a parabolic function of transmission errors. The proposed gear tooth surface modification is based on changing angle φ in the coordinate transformation matrix given by Equation 23 by modified angle φ’ as follows:

42403.jpg Equation 49

where:

ap is the parabola coefficient for profile crowning

al is the parabola coefficient for longitudinal crowning

Coefficient ap influences the maximum level of transmission errors. Coefficient al influences the localization of contact. Algorithms to find those coefficients based on the desired level of transmission errors and percentage of face width for contact patterns might be implemented based, for example, on the secant method or the Newton-Raphson algorithm. In this way, those parameters will be determined according to the desired conditions of meshing and contact.

Tooth Contact Analysis of Spherical Involute Bevel Gears

Computerized simulation of meshing and contact is based on the application of an enhanced algorithm for tooth contact analysis (TCA) and directed to the determination of the contact pattern and function of transmission errors.

The proposed enhanced algorithm for TCA is based on a rigid body hypothesis of contact of mating surfaces. Consequently, no elastic tooth deformation is taken into account for contact pattern determination. Basically, contact path determination is based on the ideas presented in Sheveleva’s work [11], according to which the relative position between pairs of contacting tooth surfaces is taken into account and the rotation of one of the members of the gear set is determined until contact is reached. Then, the contact pattern is determined, considering the locus of those points, which are positioned a relative distance between surfaces in contact given by a virtual marking compound thickness, usually equal to 0.0065 mm. Essentially, the described TCA algorithm is independent of the type of bearing contact between mating surfaces (point, line, or edge contact), does not require the solution of any system of nonlinear equations, and takes into account the effect of adjacent pairs of meshing teeth on the contact pattern.

The errors of alignment considered for simulation of meshing and contact are:

  • ΔA1 as the axial displacement of the pinion (Figure 8a)
  • ΔA2 as the axial displacement of the wheel (Figure 8b)
  • DΣ as the shaft angle error (Figure 8c)
  • ΔE; as the minimum distance between axes (Figure 8d)
Figure 8: Errors of alignment for simulation of meshing and contact in spherical involute bevel gears: (a) axial displacement of the pinion ∆A1, (b) axial displacement of the wheel ∆A2, (c) shaft angle error ∆Σ, and (d) minimum distance between axes ∆E

Finite Element Analysis

The finite element method has been used to perform stress analysis. Finite element models comprising five pairs of contacting teeth have been employed to avoid influence of the boundary conditions on the results. The model size consists of 190610 elements and 232352 nodes. Figure 9 shows the finite element model of a spherical involute straight bevel gear set. Gear active tooth surfaces have been defined as master surfaces, while pinion active tooth surfaces have been defined as slave surfaces. Three-dimensional solid elements of type C3D8I [12] have been used, being hexahedral first-order elements enhanced by incompatible deformation modes in order to improve their bending behavior. Pinion and gear material is steel defined with an elastic modulus of 210 GPa and Poisson ratio of 0.3.

Figure 9: Finite element model of a spherical involute bevel gear with five pairs of contacting teeth

Numerical Example

Table 1 shows the general design parameters of a spherical straight bevel gear set that has been used for testing the proposed geometrical approach.

Table 1: General design parameters of the analyzed spherical involute straight bevel gear

Firstly, Figure 10 shows the contact pattern and function of transmission errors for the case where pinion and gear are perfectly aligned. As expected, the contact pattern covers the whole active tooth surfaces of the pinion and gear, and there are no transmission errors. In this case, pinion and wheel are in lineal contact. This geometry is the perfect candidate for a plastic gear where the contact stresses have to be considerably reduced.

Figure 10: Contact pattern on (a) the pinion tooth surface, (b) wheel tooth surface and (c) function of transmission errors under aligned conditions
Figure 11: Contact pattern on (a) the pinion tooth surface, (b) wheel tooth surface, and (c) function of transmission errors for an error of alignment ∆Ε = 0.075 mm

Bevel gear drives with intersecting axes are sensitive to changes of the minimum distance between axes ΔE. Figure 11 shows the contact pattern and function of transmission errors for the case where the minimum distance between the axis of the pinion and wheel pinion is ΔE = 0.075 mm. Although transmission errors are kept low, the contact pattern is shifted to the edge of the tooth surface profile, causing high contact stresses and contributing to the premature failure of the gear drive.

Figure 12: 3D representation of the gear drive under a shaft angle
error ∆Σ = 2 degrees

Figure 12 shows the bevel gear drive under an error of alignment ΔΣ =2 degrees, which is a huge error for a gear drive, and Figure 13 shows the contact pattern and function of transmission errors for this case. As shown in Figure 13, the gear drive keeps the lineal contact between pinion and wheel tooth surfaces, and the function of transmission errors is kept equal to zero. Similar to the case of involute cylindrical gears that are not sensitive to center distance error, spherical involute bevel gears are not sensitive to changes in the shaft angle. The limits on changes on the shaft angles are set by the conditions of having positive backlash and a contact ratio higher than 1.

Figure 13: Contact pattern on (a) the pinion tooth surface, (b) wheel tooth surface, and (c) function of transmission errors for non-modified geometry of spherical involute gears under a shaft angle error ∆Σ = 2 degrees
Figure 14: Contact pattern on (a) the pinion tooth surface, (b) wheel tooth surface, and (c) function of transmission errors for modified geometry of spherical involute gears under aligned conditions

Application of surface modifications according to Equation 49 allows localizing the bearing contact and predesigning a parabolic function of transmission error to minimize the loaded function of transmission errors and provide a low level of noise and vibration of the gear drive. The optimized coefficients for profile crowning ap and longitudinal crowning al in Equation 49 are ap = 0.01 and al = 0.000001. Considering these values, the contact pattern and function of transmission errors shown in Figure 14 are obtained. This contact pattern is good for metal gears because it provides localized contact and a predesigned parabolic function of transmission errors. Profile crowning also helps to provide a smooth procedure of loading and unloading of the gear tooth surfaces in mesh.

Figure 15: Contact pattern on (a) the pinion tooth surface, (b) wheel tooth surface, and (c) function of transmission errors for modified geometry of spherical involute gears under error of alignment ∆Ε = 0.075 mm

Figure 15 shows the contact patterns and function of transmission errors for the case of geometry modification and the influence of an error of alignment ΔE = 0.075 mm. The contact path is still inside the active tooth surface, avoiding, in this way possible, high stresses due to contacts all over the edge of the surfaces. Finite element analysis will give more information on the mechanical behavior of all cases of design analyzed.

A torque of 500 Nm has been considered for stress analysis. The previous four cases studied from the TCA point-of-view will be compared from the stress analysis point-of-view. The four cases of design are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2: Brief description of cases investigated

Figure 16 shows the evolution of maximum contact stresses on (a) the pinion and (b) the wheel tooth surfaces along two cycles of meshing for all cases shown in Table 2. The lowest contact stresses are obtained for Case 1 where no surface modifications and no errors of alignment are being considered. However, when errors of alignment occur and no surface modifications are provided (Case 2), contact stresses are high, and the failure of the gear drive may occur. Modification of the surfaces to localize the bearing contact slightly increment contact stresses along the cycle of meshing (Case 3) with respect to the case with no surface modification, but when errors of alignment occur (Case 4), contact stresses only experience a slight increase (see Figure 16). Here, all finite element models have been kept with the same number of elements and boundary conditions for all cases analyzed to cancel those errors, physical and numerical, associated with the finite element method among the considered cases of design and thus allowing the focus on the difference of stress levels.

Figure 16: Evolution of maximum contact stresses on the pinion and wheel tooth surfaces along two cycles of meshing
Figure 17: Evolution of bending stresses in the fillet of the pinion and wheel tooth surfaces

Figure 17 shows the evolution of bending stresses in the fillet of the pinion and wheel tooth surfaces along a cycle of meshing for all cases shown in Table 2. Again, the lower bending stresses are obtained for Case 1 with lineal contact and no errors of alignment. Higher bending stresses are obtained for Case 2 with lineal contact (no surface modification) and errors of alignment. Cases 3 and 4 show higher bending stresses than for Case 1 but always smaller stresses than Case 2, demonstrating that modification of geometry contributes effectively to making the gear drive not sensitive to errors of alignment and keeping the stresses low.

Conclusions

Based on the performed research work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

  • The spherical involute profile, when considered as reference geometry for straight bevel gears, is providing excellent conditions of meshing and contact for plastic gears because it provides lineal contact between gear tooth surfaces and contributes to reduce contact stresses. Moreover, there are no transmission errors during the action of meshing.
  • Straight bevel gears with spherical involute are not sensitive to changes in the shaft angle. The limits on variations of the shaft angle are set by the conditions of having positive backlash and a contact ratio higher than 1.
  • An efficient way to incorporate microgeometry modifications into the design of spherical involute bevel gears has been proposed. When applied, microgeometry modifications, parabolic functions of transmission errors, can be predesigned and the contact localized, providing good conditions of meshing under the presence of errors of alignment.

References

  1. Kolivand, M. and Ligata, H. and Steyer, G. and Benedict, D. K. and Chen, J., 2015, “Actual Tooth Contact Analysis of Straight Bevel Gears,” Journal of Mechanical Design, 137(9).
  2. Radzevich, S. P., 2015, Dudley’s Handbook of Practical Gear Design and Manufacture, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, 2015.
  3. Stadtfeld, H. J., 2010, “Coniflex Straight Bevel Gear Manufacturing,” Gear Solutions, Aug., pp.40–55.
  4. Al-Daccak, M. J. and Angeles, J. and Gonzalez-Palacios, M. A., 1994, “Modeling of bevel gears using the exact spherical involute,” Journal of Mechanical Design, 116(2), pp. 364–368.
  5. Ligata, H. and Zhang, H. H., 2012, “Geometry Definition and Contact Analysis of Spherical Involute Straight Bevel Gears,” International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Production Research, 23(2), pp.101–111.
  6. Park, N. G., and Lee, H. W., 2011, “The Spherical Involute Bevel Gear; Its Geometry, Kinematic Behaviour and Standardization,” Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 25(4), pp.1023–1034.
  7. Harris, J. W. and Stocker, H., 1998, Handbook of Mathematic and Computational Science, Springer-Verlag.
  8. Figliolini, G. and Angeles, J., 2015, “Algorithms for Involute and Octoidal Bevel Gear Generation,” Journal of Mechanical Design, 127(4), pp.664–672.
  9. Lee, H. W. and Lee, K. O. and Chung, D. H., 2010, “A Kinematic Investigation of a Spherical Involute Bevel Geared System,” Proceedings of the Institutiion of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 224(6), pp.1335–1348.
  10. Litvin, F. L. and Fuentes, A., 2004, Gear Geometry and Applied Theory, 2nd Edition, Cambridge Univeristy Press, New York.
  11. Sheveleva, G. I. and Volkov, A. E. and Medvedev, V. I., 2007, “Algorithms for analysis of meshing and contact of spiral bevel gears”, Mechanism and Machine Theory, 42(2), pp.198–215.
  12. ABAQUS/Standard User’s Manual, 2016, Providence, Rhode Island 02909-2499.
Printed with permission of the copyright holder, the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1001 N. Fairfax Street, Suite 500, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. Statements presented in this paper are those of the authors and may not represent the position or opinion of the American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA). This paper was presented October 2016 at the AGMA Fall Technical Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 16FTM10
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has been an associate professor at the Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPCT) in Spain since 2009 and head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering since 2015. Dr. Gonzalez-Perez has been an active collaborator of Dr. Fuentes for more than 15 years. Both have participated in research projects involving the development of enhanced design technologies for all types of gear drives and in the development of IGD — Integrated Gear Design computer program. Dr. Gonzalez-Perez is currently the principal investigator of the Enhanced Gear Drives Research Group of the Polytechnic University of Cartagena and author of more than 40 publications.
joined the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) as an associate professor in 2015. Prior to joining RIT, Dr. Fuentes was a full professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPCT) in Spain and head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Dr. Fuentes’ research focuses on the development of improved gear transmissions applied to helicopters, marine applications, and the automotive industry, development of enhanced design technologies for all types of gear drives, and development of IGD — Integrated Gear Design computer program as the ultimate tool for advanced gear design, analysis, and simulation of any type of gear drive. He is the author of more than 80 publications, including journal articles, conference papers, and technical reports. He is subject editor for gears and cams for the Journal Mechanism and Machine Theory.